Publications

Spanish corporations have reduced their leverage substantially over the past decade, leaving the aggregate debt-to-GDP and debt-to-profitability ratios below the EU and eurozone averages. Indeed, between 2015 and 2024, the ratio of Spanish corporations’ debt to GDP decreased by 25.8pp to 63.6%, which is 9.5pp below the eurozone average. This adjustment is also reflected in the decline in the debt-to-net assets ratio, which fell to 34.9% in 2023, its lowest level in almost a decade. Yet, such progress masks significant variation across firms and regions. Larger enterprises remain far more indebted than smaller firms, and leverage is highest in capital-intensive sectors, such as utilities and communications, compared with lower levels in activities like mining or agriculture. Construction and real estate also stand out for the sharp deleveraging they have undergone since the financial crisis. By region, Asturias shows the highest leverage (42.5%), more than twice Galicia’s low of 16.2%. These divergences reflect variations in economic structure, firm size distribution, and profitability. Overall, Spain’s corporate sector is on firmer financial ground, but leverage remains concentrated in certain types of firms and regions.